Preliminary study of rabbits as an animal model of mammalian eye transplantation and literature review / Estudo preliminar de coelhos como modelo animal para transplante de olho em mamíferos e revisão da literatura

ABSTRACT Purpose: To describe an innovative animal model of eye transplantation used in rabbits. Methods: six Dutch-belted male rabbits were submitted to lateral orbitotomy in the right eye, wide retrobulbar anatomy exposure, dissection of the structures, identification and distal section of the optic nerve followed by anastomosis either by vicryl (group 1) or fibrin glue (group 2). Electroretinography recording was performed before the section of the optic nerve and every 30 seconds after, to monitor the function of retina. Left eye was used as control group. Results: After optic nerve resection and anastomosis, stable ERG amplitude of the right eye was lost after 302 seconds in group 1 and after 296 seconds on group 2. Left eye kept longer stable ERG amplitude curves. Conclusions: The animal model of whole eye transplantation was effective in describing a novel technique to be used in rabbits, with success of the anatomic procedure. Further studies will clarify the best anastomosis methods and maintenance of function of the receptor organ. Translational relevance: this animal model of whole eye transplantation provides a novel perspective for blind patients and the research models, since we describe a novel mammal animal model. This model can be used as basis of a human model of whole eye transplantation in future studies.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever uma técnica cirúrgica inovadora para transplante de olho em um modelo animal em coelhos. Métodos: Seis coelhos machos com Dutch Belted foram submetidos à orbitotomia lateral do olho direito, com ampla exposição da anatomia retrobulbar, dissecção do cone muscular, exposição e secção distal do nervo óptico seguida de anastomose por vicryl (Grupo 1) ou cola de fibrina (Grupo 2). O registro da eletrorretinografia foi realizado antes da secção do nervo óptico e a cada 30 segundos após, para monitorar a função da retina. O olho esquerdo foi usado como grupo controle. Resultados: Após a ressecção do nervo óptico, a estabilidade da amplitude da eletrorretinografia foi perdida no olho direito após 302 segundos no Grupo 1 e após 296 segundos no Grupo 2. O olho esquerdo manteve eletrorretinografia estável por períodos mais longos. Conclusão: O modelo animal de transplante total de olho foi eficaz em descrever uma nova técnica cirúrgica para ser utilizada em laboratório com coelhos, com sucesso do procedimento anatômico. Novos estudos esclarecerão os melhores métodos de anastomose e manutenção da função do órgão receptor.

Protective effect of Epothilone D against traumatic optic nerve injury in rats / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the therapeutic effect of Epothilone D on traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) in rats.@*METHODS@#Forty-two SD rats were randomized to receive intraperitoneal injection of 1.0 mg/kg Epothilone D or DMSO (control) every 3 days until day 28, and rat models of TON were established on the second day after the first administration. On days 3, 7, and 28, examination of flash visual evoked potentials (FVEP), immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting were performed to examine the visual pathway features, number of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), GAP43 expression level in damaged axons, and changes of Tau and pTau-396/404 in the retina and optic nerve.@*RESULTS@#In Epothilone D treatment group, RGC loss rate was significantly decreased by 19.12% (P=0.032) on day 3 and by 22.67% (P=0.042) on day 28 as compared with the rats in the control group, but FVEP examination failed to show physiological improvement in the visual pathway on day 28 in terms of the relative latency of N2 wave (P=0.236) and relative amplitude attenuation of P2-N2 wave (P=0.441). The total Tau content in the retina of the treatment group was significantly increased compared with that in the control group on day 3 (P < 0.001), showing a consistent change with ptau-396/404 level. In the optic nerve axons, the total Tau level in the treatment group was significantly lower than that in the control group on day 7 (P=0.002), but the changes of the total Tau and pTau-396/404 level did not show an obvious correlation. Epothilone D induced persistent expression of GAP43 in the damaged axons, detectable even on day 28 of the experiment.@*CONCLUSION@#Epothilone D treatment can protect against TON in rats by promoting the survival of injured RGCs, enhancing Tau content in the surviving RGCs, reducing Tau accumulation in injured axons, and stimulating sustained regeneration of axons.

Number and topographical distribution of retinal ganglion cells in diurnal and nocturnal raptors / Número y distribución topográfica de células ganglionares de la retina en rapaces diurnas y nocturnas

Retinal Ganglion Cells (RGCs) in two diurnal raptors, the buzzard (Buteo buteo) and kestrel (Falco tinnunculus), and in two nocturnal raptors, the little owl (Athene noctua) and tawny owl (Strix aluco), were studied in order to highlight their topographical distribution, taking into account the soma size. Cell density (RGCs/mm2) and median soma area from histological radial sections in four retinal fields (dorsal, ventral, temporal and nasal) were recorded in order to identify specialized retinal vision areas. The results showed a different RGCs distribution between diurnal and nocturnal raptors related to the location of the foveas and shape of the horizontal streak, confirming the bibliographic data. In diurnal raptors, a higher cell density was found in the temporal and central retinal fields as revealed by the presence of a temporal and a central fovea which showed a "horizontal streak". In nocturnal raptors the cell density was higher in the peripheral temporal field likely due to a temporal fovea. A peak in cell density observed in the ventral field, especially in the retina of little owls, might be linked to a more "radial visual streak". Comparing the data obtained we highlighted that the morphology and the number of RGCs are closely linked to the habitat and to the type of predation.

Se estudiaron las células ganglionares de la retina (RGC) en dos aves rapaces diurnas, el ratonero (Buteo buteo) y el cernícalo (Falco tinnunculus), y en dos aves rapaces nocturnas, el mochuelo (Athene noctua) y el búho leonado (Strix aluco), buscando resaltar su distribución topográfica, teniendo en cuenta el tamaño del soma. Se registraron la densidad celular (RGCs/mm2) y la media del área del soma de las secciones histológicas radiales en cuatro campos retinianos (dorsal, ventral, temporal y nasal) para identificar áreas de visión retinianas especializadas. Los resultados mostraron una distribución diferente de RGCs entre las rapaces diurnas y nocturnas relacionadas con la ubicación de las fóveas y la forma de la línea horizontal, lo que confirma los datos bibliográficos. En las aves rapaces diurnas, se encontró una densidad celular más alta en los campos de retina temporales y centrales como lo revela la presencia de una fóvea temporal y central que mostraba una "veta horizontal". En aves rapaces nocturnas, la densidad celular fue mayor en el campo temporal periférico probablemente debido a una fóvea temporal. Un aumento en la densidad celular, observado en el campo ventral, especialmente en la retina de los pequeños buhos, podría estar relacionado con una "línea visual radial". Comparando los datos obtenidos, resaltamos que la morfología y el número de RGC están estrechamente relacionados con el hábitat y el tipo de depredación.

Comparative analysis of retinal ganglion cell topography and behavioral ecology in Australian marsupials / Análisis comparativo de la topografía de las células ganglionares de la retina y ecología del comportamiento en marsupiales australianos

SUMMARY: The retina of vertebrates shows adaptations to the visual environment in which they evolve. Thus, there exists a relationship between the topographic distribution of retinal cells, the adaptive strategies employed, and habitat, so that, analyses of retinal ganglion cell topography provide information about the behavioral ecology of a species. Although these relationships are well documented in many vertebrates, including mammals, for species within the marsupial order, they are not well understood. However, marsupials represent an ideal group for comparative analyses of interspecific variations in the mammalian visual system because they contain species that vary in both lifestyle and habitat preference. In this paper the interspecific variation in retinal ganglion cell topography in 13 species of Australian marsupials is reviewed. The species that live in open habitats have well-defined elongated visual streaks. In contrast, forest-dwelling marsupials have poorly defined visual streaks and a more radially symmetrical arrangement of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) isodensity contours. However, the organization and degree of elongation of the visual streak varies considerably among species. The results indicate that the apparent interspecific variation is associated with activity pattern and habitat as opposed to the phylogenetic relationships among species.

RESUMEN: La retina de los vertebrados muestra adaptaciones al entorno visual en el que evolucionan. Por lo tanto, existe una relación entre la distribución topográfica de las células de la retina, las estrategias de adaptación empleadas y el hábitat, por lo que los análisis de la topografía de las células ganglionares de la retina proporcionan información sobre la ecología del comportamiento de una especie. Aunque estas relaciones están bien documentadas en muchos vertebrados, incluidos los mamíferos, para especies dentro del orden marsupiales, no se conocen bien. Sin embargo, los marsupiales representan un grupo ideal para análisis comparativos de variaciones interespecíficas en el sistema visual de mamíferos porque contienen especies que varían tanto en el estilo de vida como en la preferencia del hábitat. En este trabajo se revisa la variación interespecífica en la topografía de células ganglionares de la retina en 13 especies de marsupiales australianos. Las especies que viven en hábitats abiertos tienen bandas visuales alargadas bien definidas. Por el contrario, los marsupiales que habitan en el bosque tienen rayas visuales mal definidas y una disposición más simétrica radialmente de los contornos de isodensidad de los CGR. Sin embargo, la organización y el grado de elongación de la banda visual varía considerablemente entre las especies. Los resultados indican que la aparente variación interespecífica está asociada con el patrón de actividad y el hábitat en oposición a las relaciones filogenéticas entre las especies.

Cognitive performance of primary open-angle glaucoma and normal-tension glaucoma patients / Desempenho cognitivo em pacientes com glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto e glaucoma de pressão normal

ABSTRACT Purpose: To assess cognitive performance differences among primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients, normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) patients, and healthy control (C) subjects. Methods: A total of 60 participants (20 POAG, 20 NTG, and 20 C subjects) were included in this study. A detailed ophthalmologic examination was performed on all participants. A spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) system was used to measure the ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thicknesses. To assess the cognitive performance of all participants, detailed neurological examinations, including the mini-mental state examination (MMSE), were performed by the same neurologist. Results: There were no significant differences among the groups in terms of age (p =0.348) or gender (p =0.935). The mean RNFL thicknesses were significantly different among the groups (85.2 ± 14.7, 76.8 ± 10.3, and 91.4 ± 7.7 µm in the POAG, NTG, and C subjects, respectively; p <0.001). The mean GC-IPL thicknesses were 77.5 ± 9.7 µm in the POAG group, 73.4 ± 7.8 µm in the NTG group, and 78.8 ± 3.8 µm in the C group. Differences among the groups were not statistically significant (p =0.085). MMSE scores were 26.1 ± 1.4, 25.7 ± 2.3, and 28.8 ± 0.9 in the POAG, NTG, and C groups, respectively. There were significant differences among the three groups (p <0.001). Specifically, there were significant differences between the NTG and C groups (p <0.001), and between the POAG and C groups (p =0.001). There was no significant difference between the POAG and NTG groups (p =0.595). Conclusions: There appear to be similar risk factors in glaucoma and neurodegenerative disorders that cause deterioration in cognitive performance. Comparing the low MMSE scores of the POAG and NTG patients with the scores of healthy C participants supports our hypothesis. Consequently, it is recommended that a neurologist should also examine glaucoma patients.

RESUMO Objetivos: Avaliar as diferenças de desempenho cognitivo entre pacientes com glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto (POAG), glaucoma de pressão normal (NTG) e controle de indivíduos saudáveis (C). Métodos: Um total de 60 pessoas (20 POAG, 20 NTG e 20 indivíduos saudáveis) foram incluídos neste estudo. Um exame oftalmológico detalhado foi realizado em todos os participantes. Um sistema de tomografia de coerência óptica de domínio espectral (SD-OCT) foi utilizado para medir as espessuras da camada de células ganglionares plexiforme interna (GC-IPL) e da camada de fibras nervosas da retina (RNFL). Para avaliar o desempenho cognitivo de todos os participantes, foi realizado pelo mesmo neurologista um exame neurológico detalhado, incluindo mini-exame do estado mental (MMSE). Resultados: Não houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos em termos de idade (p=0,348) e sexo (p=0,935). Espessuras médias da RNFL foram significativamente diferentes, sendo 85,2 ± 14,7, 76,8 ± 10,3 e 91,4 ± 7,7 µm nos grupos POAG, NTG e controles, respectivamente (p<0,001). As espessuras médias da GC-IPL observadas foram 77.5 ± 9.7 μm no grupo POAG, 73,4 ± 7,8 µm no grupo NTG e 78,8 ± 3,8 µm nos controlos. As diferenças entre os grupos não foram estatisticamente significantes (p=0,085). Graduações do MMSE foram 26,1 ± 1,4, 25,7 ± 2,3 e 28,8 ± 0,9 nos grupos POAG, NTG e controles, respectivamente. Houve diferenças significativas entre os três grupos (p<0,001). Houve diferença significativa entre NTG e saudáveis (p<0,001). Houve diferença significativa entre POAG e saudáveis (p=0,001). Não houve diferença significativa entre o POAG e NTG (p=0,595). Conclusões: Parecem haver fatores de risco semelhantes no glaucoma e nos distúrbios neurodegenerativos que causam deterioração no desempenho cognitivo. Comparando a baixa graduação do MMSE de pacientes com POAG e NTG com controles saudáveis referenda nossa hipótese. Consequentemente recomenda-se que um neurologista também examine os pacientes de glaucoma.

A simple and effective pressure culture system modified from a transwell cell culture system

Mechanical pressure plays an important role in many physiological and pathological processes. Mimicking the mechanical pressure present in vitro is necessary for related research, but usually requires expensive and complicated equipment. In this study we created a simple pressure culture system based on the transwell culture system. By cutting off the top rim of the transwell insert, the cells were compressed between the insert membrane and the well floor. The new pressure culture system was proven effective in that it induced cell morphological change, integrin β1 upregulation, actin polymerization and growth change in rat retinal ganglion cells, human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells and mice embryonic fibroblasts. Though the pressure value is immeasurable and inhomogeneous, the easily available culture system still provides a choice for the laboratories that do not have access to the better, but much more expensive pressure culture equipment.

Estudo normativo do eletrorretinograma por padrões (PERG) em adultos / Pattern-reversal electroretinogram (PERG): a normative study in adults

Objetivo: Determinar valores para o eletrorretinograma por padrões (PERG) em voluntários adultos saudáveis seguindo o protocolo padrão recomendado pela International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision-ISCEV. Métodos: Os participantes foram 30 voluntários saudáveis (15 homens), com idade variando de 18 a 61 anos (média= 30,8 ± 8,7 anos, mediana= 29,6 anos). Os critérios de inclusão foram: acuidade visual 0,0 logMAR (20/20 Snellen) em cada olho separadamente, ausência de queixas visuais, ausência de opacidades de meio, ausência de história pregressa de doenças oculares ou neurológicas, história familiar negativa para doenças oculares e assinatura de termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido para participação em pesquisa. O PERG foi registrado em sala escura a 1 metro de distância de um monitor de alta resolução. Os estímulos foram padrões monocromáticos em forma de tabuleiro de xadrez subtendendo 60, 15 e 7,5 minutos de arco revertendo a 1,9 Hz. As respostas foram obtidas com variante de eletrodo descartável de filamento desenvolvido pela UNIFESP. Latência (milissegundos) para os componentes N35, P50 e N95 bem como a amplitude (microvolts) pico a pico para o N35-P50 e P50-N95 foram determinadas. Para estudo normativo apenas um olho escolhido ao acaso foi incluído. Os limites normais foram calculados pelo percentil 97,5 por cento para latência e 2,5 por cento para amplitude em cada tamanho de estímulo. Resultados: Valores normativos para latência de N35, P50 e N95 para os estímulos de 60', 15' e 7,5' foram respectivamente: N35 - 40,1; 39,9 e 41,3 ms; P50 - 60,5; 64,4 e 65,6 ms; N95 - 103,4; 104,6 e 104,6 ms. Para amplitude os valores normativos para os estímulos 60', 15' e 7,5' foram respectivamente: N35-P50 - 1,7; 1,6 e 0,9 µV; P50-N95 - 3,8; 2,8 e 1,5 µV. Não houve diferenças entre os sexos para os três estímulos empregados tanto para latência como para amplitude. Não encontramos correlação entre os parâmetros estudados...

Purpose: To determine normative values for pattern-reversal electroretinogram (PERG) in healthy adult volunteers according to the standard protocol recommended by the International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision-ISCEV. Methods: Participants were 30 healthy volunteers (15 males) with ages from 18 to 61 years (mean= 30.8 ± 8.7 yrs.; median= 29.5 yrs). Inclusion criteria were: visual acuity of 0.0 logMAR (20/20 Snellen) in each eye, absence of visual complaints, absence of media opacities, negative history for ocular or neurological diseases, negative family history for ocular and informed consent. PERG was recorded from each eye in a darkened room at 1 m from a high resolution display monitor. Stimuli were monochromatic checkerboards subtending 60, 15 e 7.5 minutes of visual angle reversing at 1.9 Hz. Responses were obtained from modified disposable fiber electrodes developed at UNIFESP. Latency (ms) for N35, P50 and N95 components as well as peak-to-peak amplitudes (µV) for N35-P50 and P50-N95 were determined. For normative values only one randomly chosen eye was included. Normal limits were calculated as 97.5 percent percentiles for latency and 2.5 percent percentile for amplitudes for each stimulus size. Results: Normal limits for N35, P50 and N95 latencies for 60', 15' and 7.5' stimuli were respectively: N35 - 40.1; 39.9 and 41.3 ms; P50 - 60.5; 64.4 and 65.6 ms and N95 - 103.4; 104.6 and 104.6 ms. For amplitude the normative values for N35-P50 and P50-N95 for 60', 15' and 7.5' were respectively: N35-P50 - 1.7; 1.6 and 0.9 µV; P50-N95 - 3.8; 2.8 and 1.5 µV. No gender differences were found either for latency or for amplitude in the three stimulus sizes. There was no correlation between PERG latency and amplitude with age, except for P50 amplitude for stimulus 15'(r=0.39; P=0.035). Conclusions: Normative values were determined for PERG parameters of amplitude and latency for three stimulus sizes. These parameters are...

Perfil clínico e eletrorretinográfico da comoção retiniana / Clinical and electroretinographic profile of commotio retinae

OBJETIVO: Traçar perfil clínico, anatômico e funcional da comoção retiniana. MÉTODOS: Pacientes com trauma ocular contuso e quadro fundoscópico de comoção retiniana unilateral há menos de 72 horas foram submetidos ao exame de acuidade visual, biomicroscopia, oftalmoscopia binocular indireta, retinografia, angiografia fluoresceínica, tomografia de coerência óptica e eletrorretinografia de campo total. A eletrorretinografia foi repetida após 15 e 30 dias. A angiografia após 30 dias. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 16 pacientes no estudo. No primeiro exame, havia diferença estatisticamente significante entre o olho atingido e o olho controle na amplitude de todas as respostas, sem alteração da relação b/a, e na latência da resposta de cones isolados e do flicker a 30 Hz. No segundo exame, manteve-se a diferença para os potenciais oscilatórios, que desapareceu no último exame. Na angiofluoresceinografia, todos os olhos acometidos mostravam áreas de hiperfluoresceência por transmissão alternadas com áreas de hipofluorescência por bloqueio. Este defeito mantém-se após 30 dias. A tomografia de coerência óptica mostrou diminuição da refletividade na camada dos fotorreceptores. CONCLUSÕES: As alterações encontradas refletiram acometimento de fotorreceptores e de células ganglionares, mas não da camada de células bipolares, além de mobilização precoce de pigmento do epitélio pigmentado da retina. As alterações eletrorretinográficas desapareceram após 30 dias do trauma.

PURPOSE: To investigate clinical, anatomic and electroretinographic changes in eyes that suffered blunt ocular trauma with commotio retinae. METHODS: Patients who presented commotio retinae after unilateral blunt ocular trauma less then 72 hours before were submitted to visual acuity testing, biomicroscopy, binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy, fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography and full-field electroretinography. Full-field ERG was repeated after 15 and 30 days. RESULTS: Sixteen patients were included in the study. On the first examination there was a statistically significant difference between affected and fellow eye in all response amplitudes, without b/a ratio alteration, and a delay in single-flash cone response and 30-Hz flicker implicit time. On the second examination, the difference between the eyes remained for oscillatory potentials, but disappeared on the last examination. In fluorescein angiography, all patients presented mottled hyperfluorescence and hypofluorescent areas, due to alterations in the pigment barrier. On optical coherence tomography, we found optically empty spaces at the site of the lesion. CONCLUSION: Found changes suggested photoreceptor and ganglion cells, but not Müller cell functional alterations, as well as pigment mobilization. These changes disappeared 30 days after the trauma.

Regeneration of cat's optic nerve and its funtional recovery

The optic nerve of adult mammals can regenerate when a permissive environment is provided with a peripheral nerve (PN) graft. Using this method of PN transplantation, we have studied regeneration of the optic nerve in adult cats. Number of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) which regenerated their axons through the PN graft corresponds to 3-4 percent of the total RGC population. The RGCs with regenerated axons distributed widely from central to peripheral retinas. Of the known cell types of cat's RGCs, alpha, Beta, gamma and other cells, alpha cells revealed the greatest capacity to regenerate their axons. Dendritic field diameters of most RGCs with regenerated axons were preserved. These regenerated axons were, however, mostly unmyelinated when surveyed by electron microscopy at two months after the transplantation surgery. The regenerated axons revealed normal physiological propeties in response to visual stimuli and were classifiable into Y, X or W cells. In accordance with morphological data, Y cells (morphological alpha cells) were more frequently sampled than in normal retinas, whereas the occurrences of X cells (morphological Beta cells) and other cells were unchanged or decreased. These results suggest that RGCs retain their physiological function during axonal regeneration, and RGCs with large soma and large dendritic field (Y or alpha cells) have the greatest capacity to regenerate their axons.

Neurogénesis de las células colinoceptivas que expresan receptores nicotínicos colinérgicos en la retina de pollo / Cholinoceptive cells neurogenesis expressing nicotinic cholinergic receptors in chicken retina

La neurogénesis de las células colinoceptivas que expresan receptores nicotínicos colinérgicos en la retina de pollo, fue estudiada mediante técnica inmunohistoquímica por doble marcación con el anticuerpo monoclonal anti bromodeoxy-uridine (BRDU), que marca los núcleos de las células y con el anticuerpo monoclonal anti receptores nicotínicos colinérgicos (nAChR), que marca el citoplasma de las células. La génesis de esta población neuroniana se produce durante el día embrionario cinco (E-5), iniciándose en la región central de la retina, en la capa nuclear interna, para luego progresar hacia la capa ganglionar y regiones más periféricas de la retina.

Intraretinal neurotrophic activity prevents the degeneration of ganglion cells in retinal explants

The degeneration of ganglion cells was studied in neural retina explanted from the eyes of newborn rats. The ganglion cells were detected by the presence of retrogradely transported horseradish peroxidase injected into the superior colliculus. The time course of cell death among the axotomized ganglion cells in the explants was similar to that found in vivo after axotomy in neonatal rats. The effect of culture media conditioned with retinal cells from either newborn rats or chick embryos was tested on the survival of ganglion cells in the explants. Both conditioned media increased 2- to 3-fold the survival of rat retinal ganglion cells after 2 days in culture. The data show that soluble trophic factors released by retinae of distinct species can influence the survival of ganglion cells within their histotypic microenvironment

La retinotopía en el nervio óptico de falconiformes sugiere el desarrollo cronológico de las células ganglionares de la retina / The retinotopy in the falconiform optic nerve suggests the chronologic development of the retinal ganglion cells

En especies bifoveadas del orden falconiformes, se estudió el ordenamiento topográfico de las proyecciones retinianas, en el nervio óptico, mediante inyecciones restringidas de prolina tritiada. El análisis autorradigráfico, revela una clara distribución retinotópica de los axones provenientes de la fóvea nasal, se ubican en el tercio medio del nervio y los axones de la fóvea temporal se ubican en el extremo dorso-temporal del nervio óptico. Hacia el quiasma, el nervio rota medialmente, y las proyecciones foveales se ubican en la parte dorsal del nervio óptico, encontrándose las proyecciones de la fóvea temporal en una posición más dorsal que los axones de la fóvea nasal. Contrastando nuestros resultados con los datos publicados en la literatura especializada, proponemos que el ordenamiento retinotópico dorso-ventral observado en el nervio óptico, refleja la gradiente cronológica de maduración de las células ganglionares de la retina de estas especies bifoveadas

Development of abnormal lamination and binocular segregation of retinal afferents onto the rat superior colliculus

Unilateral optic tract lesions made in newborn rats abnormal retinotectal pathways on the opposite side. The present in investigation was designed to study the development of the abnormal retinal projections in the superior colliculus using antomical tracing methods. The aberrant uncrossed retinotectal pathway develops within the first postnatal week. In spite of this, the retration of the crossed projection, wich indicates binocular segregation, is of late onset. This indicates that the induced segregation of retinal imputs is not dependent on regressive events such as ganglion cell death and terminal field retraction. These data and the results of lid-suture experiments are consistent with a role for spontaneous retinal activity in the regulation of the plasticity of retinal projections to the rat superior colliculus

Survival of retinal ganglion cells in vitro: the effect of conditioned medium from retinal cell aggregates

The time course of degeneration of retinal ganglion cells was studied in vitro. We used the retinae of newborn hooded rats retrogredely labeled with horseradish peroxidase injected bilaterally into the conditined medium either from aggregates or from explants of retinal cells on the survival of the ganglion cells. Both conditioned media approximately doubled the survival of ganglion cells after 48-72 h in culture. Our data are consistent with the hypotesis that retinal cells produce soluble trophic factors that influence ganglion cell survival

The internal horizontal cell of the frog: spatial summation

En la Rana pipiens se estudiaron las propiedades del campo receptivo de las células horizontales internas (CHI). Se determinó la constante de espacio de cada célula usando puntos luminosos de diferentes tamaños o moviendo una abertura luminosa rectangular a lo largo de la retina. Con el primer método, la constante varió entre 100 - 500 um y con el segundo, entre 100 - 720 um. Se describió un rango de valores similar en el Xenopus, aunque sus SHI son más grandes que las de la Rana. Aparentemente, el acoplamiento entre las CHI es más eficiente en la retina de la Rana que en aquellá del Xenopus. El amplio rango de los valores sugiere que entre las células de la misma retina hay una variación importante en la eficiencia del acoplamiento